| Because | Besides | Both...And | But | By all means |
| By and by | By and large | By coincidence | Despite | Due to |
| Either...or.. | Even if | Even so | Even though | Except for |
| Except that |
| Because can be used in the following ways: as a conjunction (connecting two clauses) | Çünkü | We went by bus because it was cheaper. |
| in the preposition phrase because of (followed by a noun): | -den dolayı | The game was cancelled because of the snow. |
| used for showing the reason something happens or the reason why it is described in a particular way. | Çünkü | aI couldn’t phone you because I hadn’t got your number: It’s a really useful book because it explains everything very clearly: The hotel’s difficult to find because the road isn’t signposted: ‘Why all this fuss about security?’ ‘Because it’s important.’: He’s always criticizing me – maybe it’s because I’m a woman: because of: Stacey retired in 1987, partly because of ill health: Because of the Asian crisis, the company’s profits fell by 15% during 1997: |
| mainly spoken. used for introducing facts that explain why you believe that something is true. | a | George was obviously in a bad mood, because he didn’t even say good morning. |
| Besides can be used in the following ways: as a preposition (followed by a noun): | dışında, başkaca | Did you talk to anyone else besides Joan? |
| as an adverb (without a following noun): | ayrıca, üstelik, zaten, hem de, bir de, bundan başka. | I’ve read all the books on the list and a few others besides. |
| as a way of starting a new statement and connecting it to the previous statement: | Buna ilaveten | I don’t want to go shopping. Besides, I haven’t got any money. |
| in addition to someone or something else that is being mentioned. | Yanısıra, Dışında | A lot of them are studying other things besides Italian: There are cakes and sandwiches, and lots more besides: besides being/doing something: Besides being a teammate, he’s my friend: Besides making money, the company aims to set high standards of quality and design. |
| used when you are adding another stronger reason to support what you are saying. | Ayrıca | It’s too late to invite any more people. Besides, you know how Tim hates parties. |
| _used for emphasizing that each of two things is true | _Her iki şeyinde doğru olduğunu vurgulamak için kullanılır. | _a plant that grows in both Chile and Argentina: The results of the research are both impressive and alarming: Both she and her sister now live in New Orleans. |
| _But can be used in the following ways: As a conjunction (connecting two phrases or clauses): | _Ama, fakat | _She’s 83 but she still goes swimming every day. |
| _As a way of starting a new sentence and connecting it to the previous sentence: | _ | _It was in Cairo that he met Nadia. But that’s another story. |
| _As a preposition (followed by a noun): | _Den başka | _There’s been nothing but trouble since he came. |
| _As an adverb: | _Sadece, Yalnızca | _We can but hope that things will improve. |
| _used for joining two ideas or statements when the second one is different from the first one, or seems surprising after the first one. | _Ama | _We’re making good progress, but we’ve still got a long way to go: Anna’s a highly intelligent girl, but she’s rather lazy: a simple but effective way of filtering water: What we are about to do is perfectly legal. But please don’t discuss it with anyone. |
| _mainly spoken. used when you are saying that you should not talk any more about a subject that you have just mentioned | _ | _It was a very complicated operation. But I don’t want to bore you with all the details: There’s also the question of how we’re going to pay for this, but we can discuss that some other time. |
| _spoken. used after expressions such as ‘I’m sorry’ and ‘excuse me’ to introduce a polite question, request, or statement. | _ | _Excuse me, but is there a post office around here?: I’m sorry, but all our operators are busy at the moment. |
| _used especially after words such as ‘nothing’, ‘everyone’, or ‘anything’ to mean ‘except’ | _Den başka, hariç | _She does nothing but grumble all day long: I refuse to discuss my medical history with anyone but Dr Grant. |
| _Formal. Only | _Sadece | _We can but guess at the extent of the problem: Several Japanese companies already operate in the UK – Nissan, Honda, Fujitsu, to name but a few. |
| _spoken. used when you are replying to someone and expressing surprise, disagreement, or annoyance. | _Ama | _‘I’ve decided to resign.’ ‘But why?’: But you promised not to do anything without asking me first. |
| _formal. used after negative statements for saying that something does not happen without something else happening or being true. | _Den başka, hariç. | _I never take a bath but the phone rings or someone knocks at the door. |
| _used for politely agreeing with someone, giving permission, or saying ‘yes’ | _Elbette | _‘Do you mind if I invite a few friends?’ ‘By all means.’ |
| _after a short time | _Zamanla, Daha sonra. | _By and by he met an old lady who asked him where he was going. |
| _used for referring to something in a very general way. | _Genel olarak, genellikle. | _By and large I think the emphasis should be on recruiting the right people. |
| _a situation in which separate things happen by chance at the same time or in the same way. | _Tesadüfen. | _By coincidence, his teaching contract finished at about the same time his first book was published. |
| _used for saying that something happens even though something else might have prevented it. | _Rağmen. | _Three more nuclear power stations were built despite widespread opposition. |
| _despite the fact that: | _Rağmen | _He still loves her, despite the fact that she left him. |
| _because of something. | _Nedeniyle | _He almost died due to lack of oxygen: The company’s financial losses were due to poor management. |
| _partly due to/due in part to: | _Kısmen nedeniyle. | _The workforce was reduced, partly due to budget pressures. |
| _largely due to: | _Büyük ölçüde nedeniyle. | _The negative image of immigrants is largely due to ignorance. |
| _used for saying that one of two things has to happen or be true | _Ya... ya da... | _Either you come with us, or you stay at home with your mother: Either he forgot about the meeting or he deliberately stayed away – I don’t know which. |
| _used for emphasizing that although something may happen or may be true, another situation remains the same. | _Bile, Olsa bile. | _He’s determined to prove his innocence, even if he has to go to the highest court in the land. |
| _used for introducing a statement that seems surprising after what you said before. | _Yine de, Buna rağmen, Olsa bile. | _Crashes are rare, but, even so, there should be stricter safety regulations. |
| _used for introducing a fact that makes the main statement in your sentence very surprising. | _Yine de, Buna rağmen, Olsa bile. | _Most of us ignore this good advice, even though we know it to be true: Even though I have a master’s degree in business administration, I can’t fill out my tax form. |
| _used for introducing the only person, thing, or fact that is not included in your main statement. | _Hariç. Bir şeyin, gerçeğin, kişinin dışında. | _Everything was perfect except for the weather: She was dressed all in black except for a white lace collar. |
| _Except that. | _ | _Airline officials had nothing to tell us except that the flight had been delayed. |
| _except when, except where, except what. | _ | _I hardly ever get a chance to study, except when the children have gone to bed. |
| _except do something: | _ | _He’s done nothing all day except sit around and watch television. |
| _mainly spoken. used for introducing a statement that makes what you have just said seem less true or less possible. | _Haricinde, Dışında | _I ought to have told the police, except they’d never have believed me: I’d be glad to help, except that I’m going to be away this weekend. |
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